Joint Pain & Aches:
An Overview

Joint pain commonly refers to aches, soreness and discomfort in any of the body's joints – common examples being pain or aches in the knees, shoulders, hips or elbows.

Joint pain is prevalent in the UK population, and typically doesn't require hospitalisation or invasive treatment to address.

Joint pain isn't something you need to put a brave face on. See a doctor the moment it strikes and let their advice guide you to a pain-free future. This is especially the case in the following cases:

• When you don't know what caused your joint pain
• When you are experiencing unexplained symptoms alongside joint pain
• When the area around the joint is swollen, tender or warm to the touch
• When the pain has persisted for more than a couple of days

Seek emergency care in the following cases:

• When you have experienced a serious injury
• When you are in severe pain
• When the joint is malformed or misshapen
• When the joint cannot be moved
• When the pain is accompanied by joint swelling or redness, in the presence of a fever

According to Arthritis Research UK, three in ten people had musculoskeletal conditions in 2017 – and as such, 18.8 million people experienced joint pain in a single year. Over half of 65-85+ year olds have musculoskeletal conditions, while less than a third of 35-44 year olds and less than a quarter of 20-34 year olds have them. Only 2.6% of people younger than 20 have musculoskeletal conditions.

There is a slight gender difference in the prevalence of joint pain, though it is not entirely clear why. Arthritis Research found 27.1% of men and 32.5% of women reported musculoskeletal conditions. Further, joint pain is more common in lowest income groups (43%) than it is in groups with the highest income (27%).

There are three main factors that affect musculoskeletal health before we consider any kinds of condition with joint pain as one of their symptoms:

1. Physical inactivity. Inactive people put themselves at a significantly greater risk of developing musculoskeletal conditions. Further, even people already suffering with joint pain find respite and relief through exercise. To put this claim into perspective, 45% of people on average with joint pain and musculoskeletal conditions report being inactive, compared to 20% of people in the wider population.
2. Obesity. Being overweight or obese, as you might expect, damages weight-bearing joints like knees and hips due to the unusually high loads they are required to carry in obese people. Seven in ten people with joint pain and long-term musculoskeletal conditions are overweight or obese, though admittedly, 58% of the general population are overweight or obese, so this discrepancy is not huge. Once the pain has developed, this can lead to further reductions in activity, increasing the likelihood of obesity being maintained.
3. Multimorbidity. Less of a cause and more of an observable pattern. When multimorbidity is present, and so when people are living with two or more long-term health conditions – as one in four people are – musculoskeletal conditions are particularly common. One in eight people living with at least two long-term conditions report one of those conditions to be musculoskeletal.

Other than injury, infection or the overuse of a joint, arthritis is one of the most common causes of joint pain, arguably the cause of joint pain in "most cases" when it comes to pain inside multiple joints simultaneously.

Typical causes of acute arthritis include viral infection, joint disorder (be it an all new condition, or aggravating an existing condition) or gout.

Typical causes of chronic arthritis include inflammatory disorders, osteoarthritis and, in children, juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Common disorders causing pain around the joints, but outside of them, include fibromyalgia, polymyalgia rheumatica and tendinitis.